Abstract: This paper provides a synthetic overview of the current state of research on Khotanese painting. While early documentation from early twentieth-century excavations and Joanna Williams’s seminal 1973 study laid the foundations for the field, more recent studies and Chinese archaeological excavations have significantly advanced our understanding of Khotanese painting. These contributions have shed new light on the iconography, stylistic features and thematic repertoire of this artistic tradition, providing insights into the sources of local artistic forms. The paper also addresses the continuing challenges in this field of research posed by the heterogeneous acquisition of Khotanese pictorial finds, their fragmentary state of preservation, and their dispersal in different collections around the world.